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August 18 PP2 Issue Practice 1Ours is an age of highly sophisticated division of labor. It seems that this principle of specialization has been embraced everywhere as indispensible to human development in industry and trade. Yet, it seems to me that in the world of science and technology, such a principle should be qualified and cautioned against.
It is true that specialists can never be done away with. Without specialization, modern science could never have been developed. It is hard to imagine that the very enormous volume of knowledge could be acquired and mastered by a single person, provided man's life is always short against his ambitions. It is no longer that age of a certain Aristotle, nor of a certain Leonado da Vinci, but an age of endowed chairs and funded laboratories, of department deans and professors. Therefore, a scientist has to specialize in his own, at most several, fields while entrusting his citations to other specializers. Likewise, an engineer has to be focused in his part and leave other parts of the project to be finished by specializers in another end of the globe. After all, academics is still subject to the laws set by Adam Smith.
However, specilization should never be identified as unqualified isolationism. It is crucial that every specialists have to be at least familiar with several adjacent diciplines in order to ensure smooth cooparation. How can division of labor be possible if each person pays no respect to ensure another one's task fulfillment? If each specializer knows nothing beyond his own field, then disasters will surely come about. Imagine a locomotive that cannot move in deep snow just because the engineer never takes weather into accound, or imagine a building whose insufficiant number of elevators result in huge loss of time, we cannot help but ask: why are these designers so shortsighted of "other" concerns, often commonsensical? Without adequate generalist training, it is likely that many more specialists will fall into similar pits as these.
Moreover, generalists have their own merits. The progress of science always needs man of vision. Imagination is always the precursor of experiments. Yet imagination itself is the result of collisions of diverse ideas, often from different disiplines. Hence, a generalist has the advantage of having more perspectives from which to look into the problem as well as to make syntheses based on cross-disiplinary researches. Was not Newton benefited from both Physics and Mathematics, and perhaps even Theology, in building his Newtonian empire? Specialists can perform well in well defined tracks, but it is generalists that we should look for to explore scientific virginlands.
To sum up, in this age of specilization, we should not reject generalists, but to encourage them. Specialists are necessary and crucial to modern science and modern production. Yet without a generalist training, specialist are prone to make ludicrous errors due to lack of familiarity of other related fields. What's more, generalists have the perspective that is much valuable in exploring new fields. Therefore, we need both specialists and generalists, and of cause, their cross-breeds. August 16 PP2 Argument Practice 3 The advertising director of the Silver Screen Movie Production Company ascribes the decline of movie attendence to poor advertising. In order to support his argument, he takes the favorable reviews of the company's movies as the proof that blames should not be put on the quality of the movies. He further prescribes, after drawing his conclusion, that more money should be invested in advertising so as to boost ticket sale. At first glance, it seems that this argument posesses some plausibility. Yet in failing to prove that his line of causality is the only possibility, the director's reasoning is an insufficient deduction, and consequently his prescription is also sussceptible to failure. First, the director erroneously assumes that quality of movie is the only criterion by which people decide wether to attend a certain movie or not. This assumption is both arbitrary and unfounded. There are many other possible variables that affect movie attendence. For example, people normally go to cinemas less often when economy is in decline and unemployment rate rises. Or in another case, a general shift in esthetic taste might also lead to loss of audience if the company's movies become less favored by the general public despite of the acclamation from professional critics. Therefore, the unfairly exclusion of other potential causes makes the diagnosis of the director unconvincing. Second, even if the director's diagnosis were right, which I am reluctant to concede, he still could not convince me that his prescription would be effective. There are many reasons for me to believe that spending more will not necessary lead to gaining more. A company's total budget is limited, spending more in one direction in many occasions can lead to reduction of spending in another direction, or reduction of overall profit. The director has to show quantitative proofs that the overall profit will increase in order to validate his prescription. However, such calculations or balance sheets are not provided, not to mention the important opportunity/risk calcutions. How can we be convinced when there is not even partial calculation of investment verses reward? Therefore, the feasibility of the director's prescription is highly questionable. To sum up, both the diagnosis and prescription of the advertising director are not well supported with facts. The director would have to rule out other potential causes to validate his diagnosis and provide convincing overall benefit-cost calculations to justify his prescription. Unfortunately he did neither. Although there may be the possibility that his argument were the case, he still needs to demonstrate his rationales. After all, the board of directors is not a hord of gamblers. June 15 The Nihilist PsalmWhat is justice? And what is freedom? Nothing but a self-deceptive edifice, Built upon our endless boredom! All we have is nothingness, Once awaken there is no return. Abandon all memories of happiness, Let this decadent world, burn! What is that we call history? A lie, a joke, or a wail? Smash all those truth and glory, And death to every fairytale! O death, end of everything, In you I seek life's spring! February 06 On great powersAthens was based on Liberty, Sparta on Virtue, Rome on Simplicity, Barbarian States on Ignorance, Arabian Empire on Religious Fervor, Tartars on Fear, Modern Powers on Greed. January 31 Triumph des Willens & Simfonie Nummer Neun经过深思熟虑,我决定用“意志的胜利”来命名贝多芬的不朽的第九交响曲。无论是富特文革勒的不屈,尊严,和愤怒;还是卡拉扬的张扬,华丽,和霸气;还是伯恩斯坦的睿智,沉稳和尊贵,都是对意志的美和永恒的歌颂和对胜利与热情的赞美。 随意的随意没有目的, 没有方向, 飘荡,飘荡, 来路扑朔, 去路迷茫, 彷徨,彷徨。 悲剧的人生之三:高台面前出现了一座高台,高台上坐着一个人。 我见过了太多的高台,和太多的高台上的人。但是这个人不同。 他的脸上,写着内心的迷茫。 万众瞩目的人哪,你还有什么不知足! 他却喃喃得说,这一切是我想要的么? 是啊,你的才华,你的志向,难道仅仅在于被凡夫俗子们顶礼膜拜么? 每个人都有梦,都有理想。 有些人的理想可以很卑微,一日三餐聊以果腹即可。 有些人的理想可以很庸俗,荣华富贵,儿孙满堂。 哦,你看不起他们么?难道你心中就没有一点点世俗的欲念? 我不知道,他说道,也许是吧。 你认为你很有智慧么? 我不知道,我虽然知道很多,但我未必比一个目不识丁的人更有智慧。 你认为你很有成就么? 我不知道,我虽然做了很多,也被很多人承认,但我自己却不认同自己。 那么你准备怎么办? 我不知道,你有建议么? 我只是个过路客而已。 带我走吧,他说。 去哪? 随便哪里,只要远离这里,最好是天涯。 天涯?天涯比你的内心更远么? 我不知道,但我仍然想去,带我走吧。 如果你真的想走,何必要由我带呢? January 21 Freedom of Barricades, Chains, and Prisons Such is the nature of the pathetic human faculty of perception that whenever we speak of obstruction, we fancy a gigantic stone sitting in the middle of a narrow trail, or, if we went a bit further, a crossroad barricade set by the tyrannical police; whenever we come across the phrase “others”, we have in our mind images of unacquainted strangers first, then perhaps, as an extension, of our close kinfolks; and whenever we think of the concept of “not free”, our minds suggest that stinky prison cells or chuckling chains and fetters would serve as perfect visual rendition of it. Is a man really free when nothing seems to be blocking him, nobody identifiable is chaining him, and nowhere encircled is confining him, at least when he should so perceive? Common senses seem to approve it. However, I have doubts. Myriads of sparks in my senses go beyond these interpretations based upon mediocrity, of which I regret only a small portion am I able to bring forth below. Vision based upon visibility is essential to human perception, yet many a time a materialist rendition is not sufficient or of primary importance in some cases. Forces from the internal mind can be sometimes much more momentous than from the external universe, and serve as good invisible barricades. Fear intimidates people from confession, distrust from cooperation, shyness terminates great expectations of some careers, and rage bars senses and sensibilities. We can easily expand this list ad infinitum if necessary. As we can see, these forces, if we go for the plain explanation of the multitude, are not easily considered blockades. People don’t know they are obstructed because they can’t perceive the obstacles. However, if we go further to see where these mental boulders come from, we can easily find out that they come from others who impose such feelings on them. Fear from cruelty, distrust from wickedness, shyness from jeering, and rage from disrespect, so on and so forth. When we come to the internal forces that blocks us from something desirable, we call them internal obstructions, as Taylor put it, though they can also keeps us away from the undesirables. And we also admit that such obstructions are installed by opinions. Classical liberalist argue that persuasion and opinions are more justifiable than chains and fetters. However, isn’t persuasion also a kind of reign rope and opinions whips? Likewise, chains and fetters can also be metaphorical rather than real. We can dodge visible chains if well trained in gymnastics; invisible ones, external or internal, however, cannot easily dodged unless one is well trained in will. Sometimes, however, chains come along with whips. They enter into us and bring about inflictions whenever we believe that we have sinned. We call them a superego, i.e. an avatar of public inspector, accuser and avenger planted deep in our souls. What is a superego? It is opinions of society branded on our minds, and internalized as part of our personalities. We can perceive it as an avenger, but also a guardian, since punishment is a way of prevention. Then we can see that such a guardian stands with virtues against sins in our minds. However, if we think again over what virtues and sins are, we can find out that they can both be called freedom, the former positive, and the latter negative, by Berlin’s terminology. Therefore, as we see, we can be our own informers and cops, witnesses and jurors, judges and avengers, and of course, wardens, finding our hide, arresting us, testifying against us, convicting us, sentencing us, imprison and inflicting us, and coldly watching us locked, without bothering others, as “prisoners of our own device”. O, prison, what a terrible institution for the multitude, yet sometimes endearing to some wanderers? Imagine that an entire settlement is built on oasis and surrounding it, wilderness. Inside and outside, which would rather you call a prison? We sometimes do need to curtail and deprive part of our desires for freedom, voluntarily, for the desire for companion, even if they should be persecuting us, or for self-chastise. Locked in a prison, we can at least find company of accusers and avengers, (for some reason I omit fellow inmates) and through suffering inflictions come to the illusion that each whip on the soul carries away a bit of sin. But if, abandoned into wilderness and imprisoned outside of humanity, what do we have? Vox Clamantis in Deserto? Most people won’t become John the Baptist since they are not voluntary exiles. If we hold that none-interfering is freedom, then to hell with such kind of freedom, since they are banishment in disguise. Social Alienation, excommunication, or else, does not bang the door at your face, but simply keeps it, as it were, closed. No barricades, no chains, no prisons, yet it brings about not freedom, but “unbearable lightness of being” in the wilderness of humanity. At last, we find out, sadly, that although we tried to disapprove a common view, we ended up acknowledging many conclusions of that view in our process of sabotaging the old reasoning system, a futile journey ad absurdum. Is a person free to the extent that no one interferes with his affairs? I don’t know. What I do know is that many people might not be able to realize that they are blocked from freedom, to know that such barricades are internal, and linked with external net of society, or to perceive themselves as self-sufficient accusers and avengers over themselves without others’ interference, or to be alerted that none-interfering has the peril to lead to something look like freedom but turn out to be the opposite. Truth is always uneasy; still, we can maintain that so long as the interferences came in a human and humane way, so that enlightened people would perceive them as vehicles towards higher levels of freedom, Freedom is not dead. January 16 Why minding the environs?You can feel isolated amongst a great horde of people, you can feel hot in winter, chilly in summer. No much difference unless you mind tells you that there is some. You can write great pieces in the library, in your dorm, in the basement of a crowded noisy fraternity house, in a haunted graveyard, in a horny brothel filled with fast men and loose whores, or, in your dream. Write in no where, write in anywhere. Why minding shiny words?Why minding those glittering, shining, dazzling combinations of letters, which is a meaningless craft derived from the very essence of human vanity? Why imitating those so called illustrious gurus of letter, who are but no more crafty than children playing with pits of dominoes? The are not great because of their skill of manipulating words, no, my friend. Concision is virtue, form is virtue, peculiarity is virtue, simplicity is virtue, accuracy is virtue, variation is virtue, repetitions is virtue, yet are they not all contrary to each other? Language is evolving, yet not out of correctness, but errors. Language is, as it were itself a baby of myriads of incestuous intercourses of errors. Let those scholar spend all their life on my weird erroneous language, that's what exactly the scholars do for a living. Yes, your excellency, your majesty, your grace, your honor, your what-fucking-ever virtue, that's it. If, however, you insist, hire an editor for me, at your expense of course. Why reason?Why reason? Reason is absurd. There is madness in reason, yet in madness is there reason. Disagree as if agree, agree as if disagree. When one is wise enough, he will not seek more wise, because when he seeks more wise, his is not wise enough. Reasons can only explain a probable solution, yet, your highness, the fucking probability cannot be reasoned. Why quote others!Why quote those illustrious philosophers? Are they wiser? Do they have more reason? Behold, a drunkard or a madman can utter words of wisdom in multitudes! Of course we admire philosophers, because they can utter drunk phrases when they are sober. Why quote those illustrious philosophers? Are they the first? No, millions of primitive men, even though they know not letters or languages, expressed same ideas, only they are unknown to us? Why quote those illustrious philosophers? Are they the original? No, though their mouth, millions of dead predecessors speak. Don't quote, let others quote you! |
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